As early voting opened in Texas on Oct. 21, viral claims spread online alleging that ballot machines in Tarrant County — home of Fort Worth and one of the most populous counties in the state — were “switching” votes.

But election officials refuted the claims, attributing the issue to human error that was corrected and confirming there was no evidence of machines altering votes. Similar false claims about voting machines have surfaced in Tennessee and Georgia, with election officials in each state attributing errors to voters, not machine tampering.

Election security experts told CBS News that unfounded claims of machines flipping votes have circulated for years, and while voting machines have potential vulnerabilities, there is no evidence of machines being hacked or programmed to alter ballots. 

Election officials dispute viral claims

Claims about votes being “switched” or “flipped” have been around since at least 2004 and have been leveled by both Democrats and Republicans, according to David Becker, a CBS News election law contributor and founder of the Center for Election Innovation and Research.

Becker said that human error is the cause of “every single” vote switching claim he’s encountered, yet these isolated incidents are often cited as proof to falsely claim widespread fraud. 

In Tarrant County, officials said that one out of 58,000 ballots cast on the first day of early voting was misprinted due to voter error. The claims gained attention online after a viral video showed a man insisting the machine switched his vote. 

State officials in Georgia have disputed a similar allegation after Republican Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene claimed that a Dominion machine changed a voter’s ballot in her district. That claim was based on an anonymous viral Facebook post. 

The Whitfield County Board of Elections and the Georgia Secretary of State’s Office, as well as Dominion Voting Systems, all indicated the issue was due to voter error and said the issue was resolved while the voter was at the polling place.

“There is a reason we tell people to review their ballots. Humans make mistakes,” said Gabriel Sterling, COO of the Georgia Secretary of State’s Office, in a post on X.

In Tennessee, Democratic Rep. Antonio Parkinson alleged that votes for Democratic candidates switched to votes for Republicans. However, the Shelby County Election Commission said no voting irregularities have been found and urged voters to review their ballots carefully before casting them.

Election security and voting machines 

In 2020, false claims about voting machines, including Dominion Voting Systems and Smartmatic, spread widely. The claims, amplified by then-President Donald Trump and campaign surrogates, led the companies to file defamation lawsuits against individuals and media outlets that promoted the claims. 

Fox News settled their defamation lawsuit in 2023, agreeing to pay Dominion more than $787 million for repeatedly broadcasting false accusations about the company. 

In 2024, some of Trump’s supporters, including X owner Elon Musk, have continued to cast doubt on the integrity of voting machines and called for them to be banned. 

Voting machines are tested both before and after votes are cast to ensure they are working properly, said Derek Tisler, counsel in the Brennan Center’s Elections and Government Program. 

Tisler said one of the most important election security safeguards is a paper record of the vote. Implementing a paper record has been a priority for states since 2016, he said, and around 98% of votes cast in the 2024 election will have a paper trail.

“Election officials will review a sample of these paper records after the election to confirm voting machine tallies,” Tisler said. “And if there is any reason to suspect an issue with voting machines, they can fall back on these paper records to determine an accurate count.” 

Experts also acknowledge that voting machines have potential vulnerabilities and, like any technology, should be updated and reviewed for security improvements.

The “gold standard protection” for Americans are hand-marked paper ballots, according to J. Alex Halderman, an election security expert and professor of computer science and engineering at the University of Michigan. Halderman said about 70% of the country votes via hand-marked paper ballots. 

Tisler said issues like frozen screens or jammed ballot scanners are much more likely to happen than any type of “malicious” interference or hacking. He also said voters can unknowingly make the wrong selections on touch-screens. 

“When I accidentally have a typo in a text that I send, I don’t assume immediately that my phone has been hacked, and I would encourage the same sort of patience and understanding with voters,” Tisler said.

Experts said it’s imperative for voters to check their ballots and confirm all selections are correct before casting it. And voters should remember that election officials have a plan in place to deal with issues and ensure your vote is counted. 

Atlanta – Reva Harvey didn’t know Vice President Kamala Harris would be coming to her church on Sunday. But with almost two weeks left until Nov. 5, she thought it was “essential” for her to do so. 

Harvey, a 53-year-old Black woman whose birthday was one day before Harris’, said the vice president’s visit to the New Birth Baptist Church in Stonecrest, Georgia, could help her find older Black voters and give them “the information that they need.”

“You need to hit every corner, turn every song, just to be safe,” Harvey said at Harris’ Saturday rally in Atlanta.

Harris, a Baptist, capped off a week of heightened outreach to Black voters with visits last Sunday to two churches in the Atlanta area. Her focus underscores the importance for her in activating and persuading Black voters, the core of her party’s electorate, by going to a stronghold within the community. 

At a CNN town hall on Wednesday night, Harris highlighted her faith, saying she prays “every day, sometimes twice a day.” 

“I was raised to believe in a loving God, to believe that your faith is a verb,” Harris said. “You know, you live your faith. And that, that the way that one should do that is that your work and your life’s work should be to think about how you can serve in a way, uplifting other people. “

She said one of the first phone calls she made after President Biden told her was dropping out of the presidential race was to her pastor. She said she “needed that spiritual kind of connection.” 

Georgia Sen. Raphael Warnock, during an appearance at a Jonesboro, Georgia, church with Harris, threw cold water on the idea Trump was siphoning off Black male support away from Harris, and got the men in the crowd to stand up and chant “real men vote.”

“This talk about Black men voting for the other… you know what I’m talking about. I don’t believe it,” said Warnock, who added “the real threat is not Trump, but not showing up.”

In recent weekends, Harris has attended multiple Black church services in southern battleground states. 

At the New Birth Baptist Church, Harris referenced the Gospel of Luke in reciting the “Parable of the Good Samaritan” and saying that first responders and those helping recovery efforts from Hurricane Helene and Milton represent “the good Samaritans walking among us.” 

Later, at a “Souls to the Polls” event at the Divine Faith Ministries in Jonesboro, Georgia, Harris was joined by music legend Stevie Wonder and Warnock, a senior pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church. 

“This is an afternoon about faith and action,” Harris told the crowd, referencing the “Souls to the Polls” month-long mobilization of Black voters that launched last Sunday. 

The campaign has a National Advisory Board of Black Faith Leaders leading this effort through surrogate appearances in battleground states, including Harris’ own pastor, Reverend Amos C. Brown from San Francisco.

“It takes a real man to support a woman, who are not intimidated by an educated woman,” said Jamal Bryant, the senior pastor at the New Birth Baptist Church, as Harris sat in the congregation. 

Black male voter outreach 

Recent CBS News polling of the battleground states shows Harris’ support with Black voters is equal to levels President Joe Biden saw in a 2020 exit poll. But a higher number of Black men (19%) said they are supporting former President Donald Trump, compared to Black women (7%). 

Former President Barack Obama, who made history as the first Black president and has been on the trail for Harris in recent weeks, used a sobering tone to address Black men in Pennsylvania earlier this month. 

“You’re coming up with all kinds of reasons and excuses,” Obama said. “Part of it makes me think that, well, you just aren’t feeling the idea of having a woman as president.”

Recent weeks saw a heightened focus from the Harris campaign to target Black men. Last Monday, Harris released a new policy plan that was a direct appeal to Black male voters. It included a National Health Equity Initiative to focus on illnesses disproportionately impacting Black men, the legalization of marijuana and creating opportunities for Black Americans in the field, and providing up to 1 million forgivable loans up to $20,000 for Black entrepreneurs. 

When asked to compare the enthusiasm behind Harris’ campaign and Obama’s 2008 run, Harvey said while there is excitement and energy for Harris, “it’s not as hype” as she wants it to be, in part because some voters are reluctant on Harris because of her gender. 

In a MSNBC interview with Rev. Al Sharpton, Harris pointed to her Atlanta rally of over 10,000 as evidence of her support from Black men, but said, “I am very clear I must earn the vote of everyone, regardless of their race or gender.”

“What can be frustrating sometimes is to have journalists ask me this question, as though one should assume that I would just be able to take for granted the vote of Black men. I think that’s actually an uninformed perspective, because why would Black men be any different than any other demographic of voter? They expect that you earn their vote,” she said.

Harris’ running mate, Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz, touted the campaign’s proposed policies meant to help the middle class when asked what his message is to Black men in Philadelphia. 

“I think we need to make sure we’re getting out to them. We hear what they’re saying. We understand that their concern with issues, whether it’s climate, or health care, or reproductive rights, men care about that too,” Walz told Philadelphia’s 6ABC.

The Harris campaign has long contended that Black and Latino voters have remained as “persuadable” voter targets throughout the entire race, citing early investment in Black-specific advertising.

Harris has also done several interviews this month with Black male journalists on platforms with predominantly Black audiences in recent days such as a Detroit radio town hall with “The Breakfast Club” and host Charlamagne tha God, with “The Shade Room” and journalist Roland Martin’s “Black Star Network.”

Black Democratic operatives say these appearances may be as effective, if not more, in convincing undecided Black voters than specific policy plans.

“It is helpful to be in the spaces and to be with validators that are not of government or of the institutions,” said Democratic strategist Joel Payne, who added that many young Black male voters who are undecided may have an already existing distrust with government. “You gotta flood the zone, and I think that’s what they’re trying to do.”

Payne viewed the Harris campaign’s targeting of Black voters as recognition they need to maintain high turnout in cities with high Black populations, such as Detroit, Milwaukee and Philadelphia, as well as with Black rural voters in Georgia and North Carolina. 

“They would not be doing that three weeks before Election Day if they didn’t feel like they needed to,” he added.

Quentin James, the president of the “Collective PAC” which boosts Black candidates, praised Harris’ policy proposals and argued it’s not “too little too late” for Harris to be looking to persuade Black voters. 

“The question is like, ‘What will people have her do? Act as if the vote is not important, and just kind of sit back and cruise? No, she’s out working, and that’s not a sign that things are bad,” James said.