As President-elect Donald Trump readies to return to the Oval Office, retailers that depend on foreign suppliers are prepared to pass along the cost of his proposed import tariffs to consumers, who can expect to pay more for products, from toys to auto parts. 

Americans stand to lose between $46 billion and $78 billion in spending power each year on products including apparel, toys, furniture, household appliances, footwear and travel goods due to the new tariffs, the National Retail Federation stated in findings released Monday. 

“Retailers rely heavily on imported products and manufacturing components so that they can offer their customers a variety of products at affordable prices,” NRF Vice President of Supply Chain and Customs Policy Jonathan Gold said. “A tariff is a tax paid by the U.S. importer, not a foreign country or the exporter. This tax ultimately comes out of consumers’ pockets through higher prices.”

For example, a $40 toaster oven would retail for $48 to $52 after the tariffs, while a $50 pair of running shoes would jump to to $59 to $64, according to the industry trade group. A $2,000 mattress and box spring set would cost $2,128 to $2,190, the NRF noted.

In his first term, the Trump administration imposed tariffs of up to 25% on more than $360 billion in products from China. President Joe Biden’s White House kept most of those tariffs and added more onto goods including Chinese electric cars and microchips. 

Now, the former president has said he plans to impose a 60% tax on goods from China and a 10% to 20% fee on all of the $3 trillion in foreign goods the United States imports annually.

The broad-based tariffs would reignite inflation, as they’d mostly be paid by U.S. consumers, Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen has warned, offering a general view shared by other economists. 

“A consistent theoretical and empirical finding in economics is that domestic consumers and domestic firms bear the burden of a tariff, not the foreign country,” the nonpartisan Budget Lab at Yale University stated in an analysis published in mid October. 

Trump has repeatedly contended that foreign companies would foot the bill, telling a gathering last month at the Economic Club of Chicago that “the countries will pay” the tariffs, or taxes on imported goods. In reality, American importers pay the tariffs to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection agency when their goods cross the border.

“These policy steps would amount to regressive tax cuts, only partially paid for by regressive tax increases,” and cost a typical middle-income household about $1,700 in increased taxes a year,” according to economists at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. The proposed tariffs would shift tax burdens from the well-off to lower-income Americans, the nonprofit stated in a policy brief published in August.

Harvard professor and former Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers questioned the wisdom of taxing imports, noting the potential impact on purchasing gifts for children. “For parents, we’re coming up on the holiday season and most of our toys are imported from China,” Summers tweeted on Thanksgiving Day. 

Trump has argued that tariffs compel American companies to make goods on U.S. soil rather than purchasing from foreign suppliers. 

But companies including auto-parts supplier AutoZone have other plans. 

“If we get tariffs, we will pass those tariff costs back to the consumer,” Philip Daniele, CEO of AutoZone, told an earnings call in late September. “We’ll generally raise prices ahead of — we know what the tariffs will be — we generally raise prices ahead of that,” Daniele said. 

Asked how he viewed the impact of inflation and tariffs on his business, Daniele stated that “historically, the industry sees 3%-5% inflation in average ticket and 1%-3% decline in transactions.” 

Major suppliers to AutoZone include companies based in China, India and Germany, the Memphis, Tennessee-based company said in a June press release.

Stanley Black & Decker CEO Donald Allan Jr. last week said his tool-producing company has been planning for the possibility of a “new tariff regime” since the spring. “Obviously, coming out of the gate, there would be price increases associated with tariffs that we [would] put into the market.” 

Allan downplayed the idea of moving manufacturing back to the U.S., saying it would not be cost-effective.

The company’s options could include “moving production and aspects of the supply chain to different parts of the world,” including from China to other parts of Asia and possibly Mexico, the executive said.

Such a shift has already been made by Shelton, Connecticut-based Acme United, which now has its Westcott brand products like rulers made in Thailand and the Philippines, avoiding the tariffs targeting China, CEO Walter Johnsen said in an earnings call.

Acme has also switched production of certain medical products to India, Egypt and U.S. plants in Florida, North Carolina and Washington state, the executive said.

Businesses have also stocked up, placing bigger-than-usual import orders ahead of new tariffs taking hold, as the U.S. imported 11% more Chinese products in July and August than they did during the same two-month period a year ago, according to the Census Bureau.