Star Tribune
Experts working to end homelessness in Minnesota say Supreme Court ruling on Grants Pass v. Johnson will make their jobs harder
Organizations working to end homelessness in Minnesota warn that it’s going to get harder to move people living on the streets into permanent housing, after a recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling.
The high court ruled Friday that fining or jailing people for breaking anti-camping ordinances when there is no shelter available does not violate the Constitution. The decision gives local governments across the country the green light to cite and possibly arrest people living in homeless encampments or other public spaces.
“We know that this population in particular, with higher rates of significant mental health conditions, higher rates of substance use disorders, are facing a lot of barriers already,” said Stephanie Nelson-Dusek, a research scientist behind the Wilder Foundation’s triennial Minnesota Homeless Study. “Piling on more barriers is not a solution to ending homelessness.”
The Supreme Court reversed a lower court’s ruling on City of Grants Pass v. Johnson, which the National Homelessness Law Center called the most significant case on homelessness to be reviewed by the Supreme Court in 40 years. When advocates for the poor in Grants Pass, Ore., accused the city of using anti-camping laws to effectively banish its homeless population into other communities, Grants Pass petitioned the Supreme Court to defend its ability to close encampments and issue citations of nearly $300 that could escalate to larger fines of $1,250, a month in jail and a ban from city property if not paid on time.
“From 30 years of research, we know that people who are sleeping outside … have some of the most complex health needs of our homeless population, which can really limit the ability to get housing, especially in a competitive rental market,” Nelson-Dusek said. “The decision glosses over the bigger picture, which is that we do not have enough safe and stable housing. We don’t have enough shelter beds, or at least beds that are needed at the moment they’re needed, in areas throughout our state.”
Last October the study found that one-third of homeless adults in Minnesota had been turned away from a shelter in the previous three months, with two-thirds sleeping in a car, vacant building or on public transit as a result. Nearly half of homeless adults were on a waiting list for public housing, and another 10% couldn’t get on the waiting list because it was closed to new applicants.
The state of Minnesota filed a brief opposing the city of Grants Pass, asking the court to uphold homeless people’s right to sleep in public in lieu of shelter. Attorney General Keith Ellison’s office argued that was a “narrow” protection given that local governments would still be able to limit the size and location of encampments, and punish criminal conduct related to encampments such as littering, public drug use and defecation.
“There is overwhelming evidence, meanwhile, that criminalizing involuntary homelessness makes already difficult situations even worse,” the Attorney General’s brief said. “People who have been incarcerated are ten times more likely to be homeless than the general population. This statistic is unsurprising, given the many barriers between people with criminal records and the resources they need to obtain housing and employment. In addition, efforts to clear encampments often destroy the identification papers, cellphones, laptops, and other items that people would use to find employment or housing.”
The city of Grants Pass argued that it was practically barred from enforcing anti-camping laws against anyone because police officers couldn’t tell who wanted shelter but couldn’t get it, who refused shelter because it was not “adequate,” and what adequate shelter meant. Grants Pass has one shelter based in a Christian church that requires homeless people attend daily religious services in return for a place to sleep.
“Given the difficulties of administering a shelter-based approach, district courts applying [prior court rulings] have hamstrung cities in enforcing public-camping laws against anyone unless and until they have enough ‘secular shelter space’ for everyone — a near-impossible task, especially because the number of homeless people surpasses the shelter available in every major western city and continues to climb,” the city wrote in its petition.
In a 6-3 ruling Friday, the Supreme Court sided with the Oregon city, overturning a 2018 decision out of Idaho that limited western cities’ ability to sweep camps in lieu of providing adequate shelter. Writing for the majority, Justice Neil Gorsuch opined that fines and jail time were not “cruel and unusual” methods of punishment, regardless of the conduct being punished. For the minority, Justice Sonia Sotomayor wrote that the court had abdicated its role safeguarding the most vulnerable Americans.
Hennepin County is working with a national organization, Community Solutions, to achieve functional zero chronic homelessness — the state in which more people are helped into housing than losing it — by 2025. The goal is complicated by cities’ need to close encampments when they become too large and problematic for neighborhoods and demand for shelter beds outpacing supply.
Regardless of the many practical difficulties, fining and arresting people for trespassing on public land makes those challenges worse, Communities Solutions’ Chief Program Officer Beth Sandor said.
“There’s nowhere in America where arresting and fining people for sleeping on the street has led to reductions in unsheltered homelessness or an overall homelessness,” Sandor said. “Fees and fines make it harder for people to access employment, housing and social services … And so we hope the focus will really be on solutions rather than expensive ways to not solve homelessness.”
Hennepin County issued more library cards last year than it had in years.
Library visits have been declining nationwide for the past decade, so any reversal of that trend — even a 6% uptick in card-carrying library patrons in one Minnesota county — is cause to celebrate. Even if the librarians can’t quite pinpoint why.
Giggles filled the air and llamas filled the Washburn Library parking lot in south Minneapolis on a recent Saturday afternoon. The line to meet the llamas stretched down and around the building, past the llama story-time tent and tables filled with llama-themed games and activities.
Five llamas mingled with library patrons, eyelashes fluttering. Wide-eyed children and adults reached out to stroke the animals’ soft fur. Volunteers distributed treats that llamas nibbled delicately off dozens of outstretched palms.
There are llamas at the library for the same reason there are books on the shelves. To amuse us, to delight us and maybe even teach us something new. Llamas are there because — in the words of one small girl who met one at the Penn Lake Library — llamas are llamazing.
Llamas have been circulating at libraries in and around Minneapolis for two summers now, drawing bigger and happier crowds each year. Almost every weekend, llamas make an appearance at a different library in the system. The program runs this summer until Aug. 3.
“Discovery is part of the DNA of a library and the invitation to come discover something exciting or delightful at the library. Llamas really help bring that in,” said Hennepin County spokesman Joshua Yetman. “This is for all ages. Young, old — folks who are just looking for a reason to get out of the house.”
As Minnesotans check out the llamas, they are checked out by the llamas in return.
“They’re checking you out because they’re curious,” said Rick Carlson, founder of Carlson’s Llovable Llamas in Waconia — your source for llama encounters, llama camp, llama yoga, llama-themed birthday parties and, of course, llamas at the library.
At a time when most of us are generations removed from life on a farm, a chance to spend time with a barnyard animal is a treat. Especially an animal that looks like someone tried to build a camel out of cotton candy.
“I grew up on a dairy farm, so I see this as an opportunity to get kids interested in animals,” said Carlson, who finds that these events are good socialization for llamas that also work with 4-H kids and as therapy animals. “Any kind of animal contact they can have is a good thing … and llamas are so people-friendly and curious.”
At Washburn, the llamas drifted around the parking lot like puffy clouds, pausing for frequent pats and hugs from the 800-plus people who came out to meet them that day. A few lowered themselves to the ground and knelt at eye level with the milling children.
“Llamas just draw people in,” said Alison Reiter, youth services librarian and summer learning project manager for the Hennepin County Library system.
When the llamas visited the Arvonne Fraser Library in Dinkytown, college students flocked to greet them. At the Cedar-Riverside Opportunity Center, some of the neighborhood’s Somali seniors were as excited as their grandchildren were to meet the llamas.
“The elders loved the llamas,” Reiter said. “It brought back memories of their experience with camels back in Somalia.
“Llamas,” Reiter added, “are for everyone.”
The dream team of llamas and llibraries started two years ago, when an inspired group of librarians at the Franklin Library in the Ventura Village neighborhood invited Carlson’s Llovable Llamas over for a very fluffy, very educational afternoon.
In 2023, the llamas visited 15 neighborhood libraries, drawing crowds of hundreds each time. And the number of library cardholders in Hennepin County increased.
Hennepin County isn’t saying it was the llamas. But they’re not saying it wasn’t the llamas. And this summer, they upped the number of llama visits to 16.
You can find a schedule of upcoming library llama visits at hclib.bibliocommons.com/v2/events?q=llamas.
A man was reported in critical condition Friday evening after falling about 30 feet in the area around Mill Ruins Park near the Mississippi River in downtown Minneapolis.
Emergency responders were called to the park area, between the Stone Arch Bridge and the intersection of West River Parkway and Portland Avenue, at around 6:30 p.m.
According to Deputy Fire Chief Rita Juran, the man was atop some ruins and fell onto the rocks below. Responders prepared to rappel down to rescue him, but ultimately were able to walk him out using a stretcher.
Assistant Fire Chief Melanie Rucker said they did not yet know how it was that the man fell.
Star Tribune
Minneapolis food shelf, a lifeline for refugees, shuts down to straighten out IRS issues
A north Minneapolis food shelf that has served thousands of families, including many newly arrived Ecuadorian refugees, has closed so it can sort through its problems with the IRS.
Camden Collective shut down most of its programming on June 29, including its weekly food distribution. It has supported more than 25,000 people so far this year and had been on track to surpass last year’s number by nearly 20%.
But founder and director Anna Gerdeen said she decided to shut down after the food shelf became stuck in a bureaucratic limbo of nonprofit filing issues, eventually leading to the loss of its tax-exempt status in December.
“It’s going to be hard,” Gerdeen said. “It’s going to be a loss for the community, and not just [because of the] food. It was a gathering place.”
In the meantime, she said, she will be reapplying for tax-exempt status for the food shelf, which served 43,000 people in 2023.
Gerdeen announced the decision to close the food shelf in an emotional speech during business hours. “Everyone was so kind and so sweet and supportive and sad,” she told Sahan Journal.
After her speech, Gerdeen talked to a group of elderly women who gave her hugs. “One lady was talking about how hard it is to get resources to north Minneapolis, then we finally get things and they’re taken away from us,” she said. “That was hard to hear.”
Lenora Caston, 73, has been going to Camden for the past three years and had just recently started volunteering there. “I was crying because I got to know everybody at the food shelf,” Caston said. “It impacted me, because I’m a senior and I don’t get food stamps.”
Fourteen part-time employees are losing their jobs, including 12 youth employees and an adult volunteer who worked 24 hours per week. Lizbeth Flores, 17, a youth employee for three years, got a new job at a fast-food restaurant. Other workers were still struggling to find employment.
“I feel devastated,” Flores said. “It’s sad to know the connections I made with people. I’m not going to be able to see them.”
She remembered once helping an elderly couple carry their groceries to their car and hearing them say they couldn’t believe such a service existed. The woman started crying. “Bless you,” she said to Flores.
“I want to emphasize how community-led it was,” Flores said. “We listened to the opinions of the people in the community, and we tried our best to always accommodate those who came to our food shelf.”
Camden Collective stocked culturally specific foods, such as rice for Latino families and halal meat for Muslim families, as well as plasticware, cleaning supplies and hygiene products.
Most of the staff and clientele have been Spanish speakers, and many speak only Spanish. A majority of the volunteers had recently immigrated to the United States, according to Gerdeen.
Camden Collective started in 2020 as a neighborhood support group that tutored kids. After the group received a sponsorship in 2021 from the Sanneh Foundation to deliver food, volunteers and staffers handed out 50 or so food boxes every week in the parking lot of Salem Evangelical Lutheran Church in north Minneapolis, which has become the food shelf’s home.
The organization became a 501(c)(3) nonprofit in the fall of 2022, newly eligible for federal support from the Emergency Food Assistance Program. That’s when the problems began, Gerdeen said.
After a long approval process, the IRS failed to list the group in a master file system until June 2023, causing Camden to miss out on several nonprofit perks. Gerdeen said she hasn’t been told why, but she theorizes it may have been because the food shelf had changed its name.
The mistake led the IRS to reject the food shelf’s tax filings, Gerdeen said. In addition, some filings were sent too early or too late; by the end of 2023, Camden Collective’s tax-exempt status was revoked after three missed tax filings.
Gerdeen didn’t find out about the revoked status until March, a peak time for nonprofits to apply for grant funding. She said she attempted to contact the IRS multiple times. Once she was on hold for 80 minutes, talked to someone for five minutes, and then was put on hold again for 20 minutes before the call dropped.
IRS officials declined to comment due to federal disclosure regulations.
“Whenever you’re going to call the IRS, you need to have your whole entire afternoon clear, because you don’t know how long it’s going to take,” Gerdeen said.
Eventually, Gerdeen was told to forward all of Camden’s documents to the IRS. In the meantime, she contacted U.S. Sen. Amy Klobuchar’s office, which made inquiries with the IRS on her behalf.
“It made me start to think that they weren’t even reading our case or haven’t even looked into what was going on,” Gerdeen said of the IRS. “It went round and round in circles.”
Camden Collective will still host its fall and winter festival this year, when it distributes free coats. Gerdeen said the nonprofit is also planning to launch a resource center with donations it has stockpiled to provide newly-arrived migrants with clothing, personal hygiene supplies and more.
About the partnership
This story comes to you from Sahan Journal, a nonprofit newsroom dedicated to covering Minnesota’s immigrants and communities of color. Sign up for a free newsletter to receive Sahan’s stories in your inbox.
